Decommissioned landfills present both environmental and economic challenges, but they also offer a golden opportunity to transform waste sites into valuable, green energy-generating assets. With landfill solar projects gaining momentum globally, we examine whether Australia is fully harnessing this opportunity, and the steps needed to realise the benefits.
Why landfills are ideal for solar farms
Many closed landfills are unsuitable for commercial or residential development due to contamination risks and subsidence concerns.1 Additionally, the sites require long-term monitoring and maintenance, placing a financial burden on local councils and State governments.2 Solar energy presents a sustainable solution.3
Unlike other infrastructure projects, solar panels can be mounted in a way that does not require deep excavation, preserving the integrity of landfill sites.4 Furthermore, landfills usually already have the necessary infrastructure built at the site, such as access roads, stormwater management systems, security fences and electricity connection systems, reducing establishment costs.5 They are also usually broad tracts of land with little to no shading, making them ideal locations for generating solar energy.6
Additionally, landfill solar farms are uniquely positioned to face minimal land-use conflicts and community opposition. Any large-scale renewable energy project relies on community support, without which development can face significant delays or even cancellation.
For example, farmers have raised concerns that large-scale solar developments may encroach on high quality agricultural land, jeopardising food production.7 With their expansive surface areas, landfills are well-suited to large-scale solar installations, helping to convert otherwise dormant spaces into productive energy hubs and offering a ‘win-win’ approach.8
Landfill solar farms also reap significant socio-economic benefits. Landfill solar farms contribute to environmental sustainability, creating renewable energy parks that support decarbonisation efforts. Economically, they help offset post-closure maintenance costs for councils while utilising land that has limited commercial value.9
Repurposing landfills for sustainable uses can also advance environmental justice by creating jobs and helping revitalise communities.10 This approach fosters a circular economy, giving new life to land that would otherwise remain unused.
Landfill solar development in Australia
The Albury landfill solar farm, launched in 2019, is considered to be one of the pioneering projects of this kind in Australia. This project saw the installation of a 1.1MW (AC) solar PV system, consisting of 4,000 solar panels on a capped landfill site. The solar panels generate emissions-free energy to power about 430 homes as well as an electric vehicle super-charger providing the community with clean energy to charge their electric cars. It was a collaboration between Albury, LMS Energy and Joule Energy, showcasing the potential for landfill solar farms to be both technically viable and beneficial to local communities.
Despite these promising initiatives, a 2019 feasibility study by the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) found that without substantial cost reductions and financial incentives, landfill solar projects in Australia were unlikely to be viable.11 In order to fully capitalise on the vast potential of large-scale landfill solar projects, Australia must overcome key engineering and operational challenges through innovative solutions and strategic mitigation efforts.
The challenges include:
- The costs of developing solar infrastructure on landfill sites which are significantly higher than on undeveloped land due to the need for specialised solutions.12
- The need for innovative engineering methods such as ballasted mounting systems that don’t disturb the ground,13 as traditional mounting structures that require deep foundations could breach the landfill cap and create contamination risks.14
- Additional engineering risks caused by the hazardous gases that landfill sites emit.15
- Regulatory hurdles and complex grid interconnection requirements that contribute to delays and feasibility concerns.
The United States: leading the way in landfill solar innovation
The US has made significant strides in landfill solar development, demonstrating how these challenges can be effectively addressed. Over 10,000 closed landfills across the US have been identified as potential renewable energy sites,16 and landfill solar projects have grown by 80% in the past five years.17 In 2021 alone, over 20 major projects were announced, adding more than 200 MW of solar capacity.18 As of 2023, the US had approximately 2.6 GW of landfill solar capacity, with projections estimating a 25-fold increase.19
Government incentives have played a crucial role, with the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act offering a tax credit up to 10% for projects built in energy communities, which includes communities with former coal mines and brownfields.20
Many states also have incentives and policies supporting landfill solar developments. States including New Jersey and Massachusetts have successfully implemented technical assistance programs and financial incentives to make solar more attractive to developers.21 As a result of these programs, Massachusetts has emerged as a national leader in utility-scale landfill solar development.22
Engineering advancements have also contributed to the viability of landfill solar projects in the US. For example, Terrasmart, a leading provider of commercial to utility scale solar ground mounts, have optimised tilt and ballast designs as a means of reducing costs while maintaining landfill integrity.23
These innovations have made landfill solar more financially feasible and technically manageable, demonstrating that with the right investment and policy support, landfill solar can be scalable and effective renewable energy solution.
Lessons for Australia: policy, investment and innovation
For Australia to fully unlock the potential of landfill solar, it must address the key challenges identified through targeted policies and financial incentives. Investment in specialised landfill solar engineering expertise will be crucial in overcoming technical barriers and reducing costs.
The Australian Government should consider introducing tax credits, grants, streamlined regulatory processes and other incentives to encourage landfill solar adoption. Furthermore, research into engineering solutions, tailored specifically to Australian conditions should help mitigate risks associated with hazardous materials and mounting constraints.
With the introduction of effective policy frameworks, continued technological advancements and increased investment, Australia has the opportunity to transform its closed landfills into productive renewable energy assets. A strategic approach to landfill solar development could help bridge the gap between waste management and clean energy generation, with the aim of fostering a more sustainable and economically viable future.
The Hamilton Locke team advises across the energy project life cycle – from project development, grid connection, financing, and construction, including the buying and selling of development and operating projects. For more information, please contact Matt Baumgurtel.
1‘Environmental Guidelines Solid waste landfills’, Environment Protection Authority (Guidelines, 2016) 60-61 <https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/-/media/epa/corporate-site/resources/waste/solid-waste-landfill-guidelines-160259.pdf>.
2YCC Team, ‘From waste to watts: How closed landfills can become solar powerhouses’, Yale Climate Connections (Article, 8 October 2024) <https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2024/10/from-waste-to-watts-how-closed-landfills-can-become-solar-powerhouses/>.
3Ibid.
4F Bradstock, ‘How Landfills Can Help Solve the Renewable Energy Land Shortage’, Oilprice.com (Article, 9 November 2024) <https://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/How-Landfills-Can-Help-Solve-the-Renewable-Energy-Land-Shortage.html>.
5M Zhu and M Ayers, ‘Solar on Closed Landfills: Engineering Solutions and Case Studies’, 9th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics (Research Paper, 2023) <https://www.issmge.org/uploads/publications/116/117/ICEG2023-235.pdf> (‘9ICEG 2023’).
6‘The future of landfills is bright: How state and local governments can leverage landfill solar’, RMI (Report, October 2021) <https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Landfill-solar-The-future-of-landfills-is-bright?language=en_US>.
7‘Locals fear farming community in jeopardy over industrial scale solar farm plan’, Nine News (Article, 2023) <https://9now.nine.com.au/a-current-affair/victoria-locals-fear-farming-community-in-jeopardy-over-industrial-scale-solar-farm-plan/44240613-8d6a-4f0c-ad50-4662080aa0fa>.
8B Dudley, ‘Landfill Solar Farms: Benefits and Challenges’, LandGate (Article, 31 December 2024) <https://www.landgate.com/news/benefits-challenges-of-landfill-solar-farms#:~:text=Benefits%20of%20Landfill%20Solar%20Farms,choice%20for%20solar%20energy%20development.>.
99ICEG 2023 (n 17).
10‘RMI Projects a Bright Future for Landfill Solar’, RMI (Media Release, 18 November 2021) <https://rmi.org/press-release/rmi-projects-a-bright-future-for-landfill-solar/>.
11Joule Feasibility Report 2019 (n 22).
12‘Feasibility Study Report’, Joule Energy Pty Ltd (Report, 19 December 2019) <https://arena.gov.au/assets/2017/02/pilot-landfill-solar-report-feasibility-study.pdf> 32 (‘Joule Feasibility Report 2019’).
13C Saginaw, ‘Ballasted Ground Mount: Solar’s Solution to Landfills’, Greentech Renewables (Article, 2017) <https://www.greentechrenewables.com/article/ballasted-ground-mount-solars-solution-landfills#:~:text=Ground%2Dballasted%20arrays%20are%20ideal,reason%20to%20search%20for%20alternatives.>.
14Ibid 6.
15‘Solar Generation System on a Landfill Case Study – An Australian First’, Joule Energy Pty Ltd (Presentation, 12 October 2017) <https://arena.gov.au/assets/2017/02/solar-on-landfills-presentation.pdf> 4.
16‘Closed landfills are being renewed as solar farms across North America’, Environmental, Science and Engineering Magazine (Article, 11 July 2022) <https://esemag.com/news/closed-landfills-renewed-solar-farms-north-america/>.
17K Princic, ‘From trash to treasure: Turning unproductive landfills into solar-powered revenue’, Waste Today Magazine (Article, 5 June 2024) <https://www.wastetodaymagazine.com/news/cep-renewables-solar-landfills-sponsored-article/>.
18D Proctor, ‘Solar Farm at a Landfill Site Brings New Meaning for Waste to Energy’, Power Magazine (Article, 1 September 2023) <https://www.powermag.com/solar-farm-at-a-landfill-site-brings-new-meaning-for-waste-to-energy/> (‘Proctor 2023’).
19‘The rise of landfill solar project development: Q&A with CEP Renewables’, Solar Power World (Article, 26 October 2023) <https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/10/the-rise-of-landfill-solar-project-development-qa-with-cep-renewables/>.
20‘Mining the Sun: Clean Energy on Mines and Brownfields’, The Nature Conservancy (Article, 2025) <https://www.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-priorities/tackle-climate-change/climate-change-stories/mining-the-sun-solar-energy-former-mine-sites/>.
21Ibid.
22T K Brown, ‘Why Aren’t More Solar Farms Built on Municipal Landfills?’, Governing (Article, 2 March 2023) <https://www.governing.com/now/why-arent-more-solar-farms-built-on-municipal-landfills#:~:text=Massachusetts%20created%20additional%20subsidies%20for,state%20in%20the%20first%20place.>.
23Ibid.
